Abstract: Musculoskeletal or orthop(a)edic physiotherapy (MSKPT) is the term used to describe the field and/or techniques of physiotherapy, which relates to evaluation and/or treatment of disorders and/or tissues of the musculoskeletal system that includes but not limited to muscles, bones, joints, nerves, tendons, ligaments, cartilage, and spinal discs. MSKPT had its initial focus primarily on traumatic conditions and injuries both in general and orthopedic clinical practice. The objective of this review paper is to provide an evidence-based update on the recent developments and applications of techniques in MSKPT for patients with a variety of disease conditions. Pain neuromatrix and educational interventions; guided imagery; mirror therapy; virtual reality; cognitive-behavioral training; and, Bad ragaz ring hydrotherapy; muscle activation technique; Hanna somatic movement therapy; orthopaedic manual physical therapy; mechanism-based therapy; and their recent therapeutic application were then described, with suggestions for the future.

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